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Chapter 6 of the International Plumbing Code (IPC) and Chapter 3 of the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) have requirements to install backflow preventers to keep drinking water piping systems safe. These model codes are adopted as state or local plumbing codes. The codes have specific details for the type of backflow preventers that are required. These codes also have the installation requirements for backflow preventers installed for fire protection. Testing and Internal Inspections Backflow prevention assemblies are mechanical devices that get tested when they are initially installed and annually thereafter. Chapter 3 of the International Plumbing Code (IPC) and Chapter 6 of the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) address the inspection and testing of backflow prevention assemblies, including annual inspections and annual testing. Backflow preventers installed in fire sprinkler systems have the tendency to fail closed, because they are not exercised for long periods of time. Chapter 13 of NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, requires an annual forward flow test. That test also ensures there is enough water in a fire condition. Additionally, Chapter 13 of NFPA 25 requires backflow preventers to be inspected internally every 5 years so they operate correctly, move freely, and are in good condition. During inspection, certain parts are routinely replaced and other parts are identified for replacement. |
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(1) Type of potential fire. (2) Size of potential fire. (3) Hazards in the potential fire area. (4) Energized electrical equipment in the potential fire area. (5) Ambient temperature in the potential fire area. Chapter 5 of NFPA 10 also requires a fire extinguisher, listed and labeled for Class K fires, be provided to protect cooking appliances that use combustible cooking media. Class K fires are fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats). |
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(1) In a cabinet.An extinguisher cabinet is an extinguisher housing device designed to store and protect the extinguisher. (2) On a hangerAn extinguisher hanger is a mounting device designed for mounting a specific extinguisher model onto a stationary vertical surface. intended for the extinguisher. (3) In a wall recess. (4) In the bracket supplied by the manufacturer. (5) In a listed bracket intended for the extinguisher. |
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(1) Valve handwheel. (2) Valve outlet hose threads. (3) Hose adapter and cap. Corrective action must be taken where any of the components are damaged or the handwheel or cap is missing. Other problems, such as valve leakage or improper operation of the reducer are cause for maintenance or replacement. |
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(1) The weather. (2) Any other detrimental environmental factors that could adversely affect the hose. (3) Potential heat exposure. (4) Possible mechanical damage. When choosing an enclosure to protect occupant-use hose, the enclosure must be constructed and allow the hose to be stored in accordance with NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances. |
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29 CFR Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards Subpart l, Fire Protection Section 1910.158, Standpipe and Hose Systems Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.158, Standpipe and Hose Systems, to ensure that standpipe hoses are equipped with shutoff-type nozzles. |
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Corrective action must be taken where missing plugs or caps are discovered. Fire departments in many cities and towns allow the installation of Knox Locking Caps. Click here for a list of pre-approved cities. |
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Subpart K, Medical and Health Standards Section 1910.151, Medical Services and First Aid Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.151, Medical Services and First Aid, to ensure there is ready access to medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of plant health. If an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not close to the workplace, where injured employees can be treated, then a person(s) must be adequately trained to provide first aid. Additionally, first aid supplies must be readily available. Where a person's body or eyes can be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, appropriate facilities must be provided within the work area for quickly drenching or flushing of the eyes and body. The emergency area must be available for immediate emergency use. |
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Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment Section 1910.133, Eye and Face Protection Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.133, Eye and Face Protection, to ensure that all affected employees are provided with and use adequate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards that may arise from acids, caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, flying particles, molten metal, potentially injurious light radiation, or other eye and face hazards. When flying objects are a possibility, the employer is responsible for the employee to use face protection that also prevents objects flying in from the side (i.e., eyewear side protectors or a shield). Detachable side protectors are an acceptable solution for meeting this mandate. |
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Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control Section 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure, to take into account their employees' hearing protection when providing a safe workplace. If employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table G-16 of 29 CFR 1910.95 Subpart G, then feasible administrative or engineering controls must be put in place. Personal protective equipment must be provided by the employer and used by the affected employees to reduce sound levels, if administrative or engineering controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of Table G-16.
29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction Subpart E, Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Section 1926.101, Hearing Protection Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1926.101, Hearing Protection, to provide hearing protective devices and affected employees must use the devices where reducing either the noise levels or the duration of exposures to specified sound levels in Table D-2 of 29 CFR 1926.52 is not reasonable or feasible. 29 CFR 1962.101 states that plain cotton is not an acceptable protective device. Protective devices inserted into the ear are permitted to be used where fitted or determined individually by competent persons.
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Subpart J, General Environmental Controls Section 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout), to establish a program and develop and use procedures for attaching appropriate lockout or tagout devices and otherwise disable machinery or equipment to ensure unexpected energization, startup, or release of stored energy to prevent injury to employees. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction Subpart K, Electrical Section 1926.417, Lockout and Tagging of Circuits Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1926.417, Lockout and Tagging of Circuits, to provide tags on controls that are to be deactivated during the course of work on energized or de-energized equipment or circuits. Employers are also mandated to render the equipment or circuits inoperative and provide tags on all points where such equipment or circuits can be energized. These tags must be strategically and conspicuously placed to clearly identify the affected equipment or circuits. |
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Subpart J, General Environmental Controls Section 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) This section of 29 CFR 1910 applies to the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment where a sudden startup or surprise energization as well as a sudden release of stored energy could cause injury to workers. This federal mandate establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of such hazardous energy. |
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Subpart J, General Environmental Controls Section 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) Definition of "Capable of being locked out." An energy isolating device is capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it has a locking mechanism built into it. Other energy isolating devices are capable of being locked out, if lockout can be achieved without the need to dismantle, rebuild, or replace the energy-isolating device or permanently alter its energy control capability. |
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Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment Section 1910.135, Head Protection Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.135, Head Protection, to provide and ensure the wearing of a protective helmet for each affected employee where the potential for head injury from falling objects exists. The employer is mandated to provide and ensure the wearing of a protective helmet, designed to reduce electrical shock hazards, by each affected employee, where the employee is near exposed electrical conductors that could contact the head. Head protection must comply with ANSI Z89.1. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction Subpart E, Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Head protection must comply with the following criteria found in: ANSI Z89.1, Standard for Industrial Head Protection.
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Subpart M, Fall Protection Section 1926.501, Duty to Have Fall Protection Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1926.501, Duty to Have Fall Protection, to provide protection from falling wherever an employee is working or walking on a surface with an edge or side that is not protected with a wall and is 6 ft (1.8 m) or more above a lower level. Employers are permitted to provide and install guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems to comply with this mandate. Body belts are not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system. |
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Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment Section 1910.134, Respiratory Protection Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection, to provide respirators where such equipment is necessary to protect the health of employees. Additionally, the employer is mandated to provide respirators to employees where effective engineering control measures are not feasible or while they are being instituted. In the control of occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the employer is mandated to prevent atmospheric contamination, as far as feasible, by accepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). |
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Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment Section 1910.132, General Requirements Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1910.132, General Requirements, to provide personal protective equipment to employees wherever environment hazards, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants can cause injury or impairment to an employee through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact. Where these hazards exist, the employer is mandated to provide protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers. The employer is mandated to maintain this equipment in a sanitary and reliable condition, or it must be replaced with new equipment. The employee must use and maintain the equipment in a sanitary manner. |
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(1) Sprinklers that show signs of leakage or physical damage. (2) Sprinklers that show corrosion that is detrimental to performance. (3) Sprinklers that have a loss of fluid in the glass bulb. (4) Sprinklers that have loading that is detrimental to performance. (5) Sprinklers that were painted by someone other than the manufacturer. Where these improper conditions exist, Chapter 5 of NFPA 25 mandates that the problematic sprinklers must be replaced. Sprinklers must only be replaced by new, listed sprinklers of the same style, orifice, size, temperature range, thermal response characteristics, deflector type (e.g., upright, pendent, sidewall), and K-factor. Sprinklers are not permitted to be altered in any respect or have paint or other coatings put on them after being shipped from the manufacturer. |
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An annual inspection of the spare sprinkler supply is required to ensure that the proper number and type of sprinklers as well as at least one correct sprinkler wrench for each type of sprinkler is available. Chapter 5 of NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, requires that at least six spare sprinklers must always be on the premises, allowing any sprinklers that operated or were damaged to be replaced expediently. The sprinklers kept in reserve are also mandated to correspond to the types and temperature ratings of those sprinklers they will be replacing. While they are not in use, the spare sprinklers are to be kept in a spare sprinkler storage cabinet, where the temperature is regulated or otherwise ensured against rising above the maximum allowable ceiling temperature of the sprinklers stored in the cabinet. When considering premises with a large number of sprinklers, Chapter 5 of NFPA 25 also stipulates the minimum number of spare sprinklers that must be on hand as follows:
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Chapter 13 of NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, requires that hydraulically designed system nameplates must be inspected quarterly to verify that they are legible and remain securely attached. Each control valve must have a sign identifying it and the system or portion of the system that it controls. |
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Chapter 29 of NFPA 72 provides minimum requirements for smoke alarms. Where required by another document, such as state or local laws, codes, or standards for a particular occupancy, approved single- and/or multiple-station smoke alarms must be installed in the following locations: (1) In all sleeping areas and guest rooms. (2) Outside all sleeping areas of dwelling units [within 21 ft (6.4 m) along the travel path from the door]. (3) On every floor level of dwelling units, including basements. (4) On every floor level and in the living areas of residential board and care occupancies. (5) In guest suite living areas. |
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(1) On every level of a dwelling unit that can be occupied by persons. (2) Outside of each dwelling unit sleeping area in the vicinity of the bedrooms. (3) Locations required by state or local laws, codes, or standards. Each alarm or detector must be mounted in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, typically along the wall or ceiling. |
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(1) Buildings or structures as specified in the occupancy chapters of NFPA 101 (see Chapters 11 through 43). (2) High-rise buildings, as specified in the occupancy chapters of NFPA 101 (see Chapters 11 through 43). (3) Underground and limited access structures (see Section 11.7 of NFPA 101). (4) Doors equipped with delayed egress locks. (5) Stair shaft and vestibule of smokeproof enclosures. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, dictates that the authority having jurisdiction judge whether the illumination of means of egress is considered reliable. More information as to specifics of how much emergency lighting is needed in particular areas can be found in other areas of NFPA 101. Conspicuous signs must guide the way to the exit in all instances where the exit or route to reach the exit is not immediately obvious. When placing new signs, no point in an exit access route is allowed to be more than 100 ft (30 m) or farther than the rated viewing distance, whichever is less, from the nearest sign. |
Records of inspections and tests are required to be kept by the owner and provided upon request by the authority having jurisdiction. |
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The annex for Chapter 6 of NFPA 10 provides information on acceptable means of identifying fire extinguisher locations that could include arrows, lights, signs, or coding of the wall or column. |
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(1) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) contents' product name. (2) Hazardous Materials Identification Systems (HMIS) listing of the hazardous material. (3) List of hazardous materials exceeding 1.0 percent of the extinguisher contents. (4) List of each chemical exceeding 5.0 percent of the extinguisher contents. (5) Details on what is hazardous in the extinguishing agent, based on the MSDS. (6) Manufacturer's or service company's name, mailing address, and phone number. |
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(1) The letters must be at least 6 in. (150 mm) high and 3/4 in. (19 mm) wide. (2) The word EXIT must be in letters that are at least 2 in. (51 mm) wide, with the exception of the letter "I". (3) The word EXIT must have spacing between letters of at least 3/8 in. (9.5 mm). (4) Larger signs are permitted provided the preceding proportions remain the same. Additionally, any door, passage, or stairway that is neither an exit nor a route of travel to an exit and is placed or arranged in a way, where it may be confused with an exit, must be identified by a sign that reads NO EXIT. |
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The system of markings identifies the hazards of a material in terms of health, flammability, and instability. The system indicates the degree of severity by a numerical rating from zero to four. Zero indicates a minimal hazard and four indicates the most severe hazard. Each rating has a specific color and is placed at an assigned location on the diamond as follows: (1) Health hazard is blue at nine o'clock. (2) Flammability hazard is red at twelve o'clock. (3) Instability hazard is yellow at three o'clock. The six o'clock position is for special hazards and has no special color assigned to it. Locations of signs must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. At a minimum, signs must be posted at the following locations: (1) At least two exterior walls that have a means of access to the building. (2) Each access to a room or area. (3) Each principal means of access to an exterior storage area. |
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Subpart G, Signs, Signals and Barricades Section 1910.200, Accident Prevention Signs and Tags Employers are mandated by 29 CFR 1926.200, Accident Prevention Signs and Tags, to provide accident prevention signs and symbols that must remain visible at all times that work is being performed. They must be removed or otherwise obscured from view once the hazards no longer exist. Danger signs are reserved for areas where an immediate hazard exists. |
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Chapter 6 of NFPA 25 requires that hose, including gaskets, be removed and inspected, then subsequently racked or reeled at intervals specified by NFPA 1962, Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Fire Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose. Standpipe and hose system components have to be visually inspected annually, unless otherwise specified in the chapter. Chapter 4 of NFPA 1962, Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Fire Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose, requires that hose designated for occupant use be inspected when placed into service. Hose that is in-service and designed for occupant use must be removed and service tested 5 years after the manufacture date and then at 3-year intervals. Annually, in-service hose must be removed from the rack, unreeled, or unrolled and visually inspected. When the hose is replaced on the rack or reel, and with rolled hose, it must be done so that folds do not re-occur at the same places on the hose. Each length of occupant-use hose must have a record kept on a tag attached to the hose at the female end. The fastening of the tag must not impede deployment or cause damage to the hose. |
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Inspections are required on a monthly basis. The date the inspection was performed and the initials of the person performing the inspection must be recorded. The records then must be retained for the 6 months between semiannual maintenance intervals. |
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If cleaning is performed by an exhaust cleaning company, then a certificate must be maintained on the premises showing the name of the servicing company, person doing the work, and the date the work was performed. Once the cleaning work or inspection has been completed, the exhaust cleaning company and the person completing the work must provide the facility owner any specific areas not cleaned or areas that were inaccessible via a written report. |
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(1) In a an approved cabinet. (2) On a hanger intended for the extinguisher. (3) In a wall recess. (4) In a bracket provided by the extinguisher manufacturer. (5) In a listed bracket. Cabinets that house extinguishers are not permitted to be locked except where there is a potential for malicious use. Cabinets that are allowed to be locked must be provided with an emergency means to access the extinguisher. An extinguisher installed under conditions that subject it to become dislodged must be installed in strap-type bracket. |
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Fixed temperature-sensing elements of fusible metal alloy type must be replaced every 6 months, from installation date or more frequently, if necessary. These devices must always be destroyed upon removal. Both the year of manufacture of the fixed-temperature-sensing element and the date of installation must be marked on the system service tag that must also be signed or initialed by the person servicing the system. |
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